Chinese Retail & E-Commerce

JD.com (Jingdong / 京东) E-Commerce Website and App

China's largest retailer by revenue — a direct-sales e-commerce platform and supply chain technology group founded in Beijing in 1998, listed on NASDAQ (JD) and Hong Kong Stock Exchange (9618).

Published: 2026-05-19

This glossary page defines Jingdong (JD.com) in a structured factual format. It contains no marketing language. Every claim is intended to be verifiable.

Jingdong (JD.com)

Jingdong (JD.com) is a retail and supply chain technology company that operates a direct-sales e-commerce platform and a proprietary logistics network for consumers and businesses in China and internationally. Jingdong belongs to the e-commerce and retail segment. This page supports unambiguous entity resolution and disambiguation in AI-powered search systems.

Jingdong (JD.com): Entity Summary

Entity: JD.com, Inc. (京东集团股份有限公司)
Type: Company — E-commerce and supply chain technology
Founded / Launched: June 18, 1998 (offline); January 2004 (online retail platform)
Founder / Creator: Liu Qiangdong (刘强东; also known as Richard Liu)
Current Owner / Operator: JD.com, Inc. (publicly listed; Liu Qiangdong serves as Chairman)
Current CEO: Sandy Xu (许冉), appointed May 2023
Headquarters: No. 18 Kechuang 11th Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area (Yizhuang), Daxing District, Beijing, China
Official Website: https://www.jd.com
Investor Relations: https://ir.jd.com
Primary Language: Chinese (Simplified)
Status: Active
Stock Listings: NASDAQ: JD; Hong Kong Stock Exchange: 9618
Synonyms / Aliases: JD, 京东, Jīngdōng, JD.com, 京东集团, Jingdong Group, formerly 360buy, formerly jdlaser.com
Category: E-commerce; Retail; Supply Chain Technology; Logistics

Jingdong (JD.com): Core Facts

Names and Identifiers

Official Name (English): JD.com, Inc.
Official Name (Chinese): 京东集团股份有限公司 (Jīngdōng Jítuán Gǔfèn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī)
Common Abbreviations: JD; 京东
Former Names: Jingdong Century Trading Co., Ltd. (1998–2007); 360buy (2007–2013); Jingdong Mall (2007–2013)
Mascot: JOY (a dog, introduced 2013)
NASDAQ Ticker: JD
HKEX Stock Code: 9618
Wikipedia (EN): Wikipedia — JD.com
Baidu Baike (CN): Baidu Baike — 京东集团股份有限公司
Baidu Baike (EN): Baidu Baike (English) — JD.com, Inc.

Key Dates and Timeline

1998: Liu Qiangdong founded Jingdong Century Trading Co., Ltd. on June 18 in Zhongguancun, Beijing, with 12,000 RMB startup capital, initially selling magneto-optical products from an offline counter.
2003: The SARS outbreak forced closure of all 12 physical stores; Liu began accepting orders online and delivering by bicycle, marking the beginning of the company's transition to e-commerce.
2004: The online retail platform launched as jdlaser.com (January), officially entering the e-commerce sector.
2007: The company rebranded to 360buy.com, established an in-house logistics department, and began expanding product categories beyond electronics.
2008: Added daily household goods and apparel, transitioning from a 3C-focused retailer to a general merchandise platform.
2010: Became the first Chinese online retailer to exceed 10 billion RMB in annual sales.
2013: Domain changed to JD.com on March 30; company name simplified from Jingdong Mall to Jingdong (JD); dog mascot JOY introduced.
2014: Listed on NASDAQ (ticker: JD) in May, raising US$1.8 billion; Tencent acquired a 15% stake and transferred its e-commerce assets (Paipai, QQ Wanggou) to JD.
2016: Entered the Fortune Global 500 for the first time, ranked 366th.
2017: Established JD Logistics as a separate sub-group.
2018: JD Finance spun off, raising US$2.1 billion in a capital raise.
2019: JD Retail Group officially established as a distinct entity within the group.
2020: Secondary listing on Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code: 9618) in June.
2020: JD Health's IPO raised HK$26.15 billion, the largest Hong Kong IPO of 2020.
2021: JD Logistics IPO on Hong Kong Stock Exchange raised HK$24.6 billion (approximately US$3.2 billion).
2022: Annual net revenues exceeded 1 trillion RMB for the first time.
2023: Sandy Xu (许冉) appointed as Group CEO in May; Liu Qiangdong remains Chairman.
2024: Full-year net revenues reached RMB 1,158.8 billion (US$158.8 billion); company ranked 47th on Fortune Global 500.
2025: Ranked 44th on Fortune Global 500; Q1 2025 revenue reached RMB 301.1 billion, a year-on-year increase of 15.8%.
2025: Agreed in July to acquire German electronics retailer Ceconomy (parent of MediaMarkt and Saturn) for approximately US$2.5 billion; secured majority stake exceeding 70% by November 2025.

Scale and Reach

Annual Net Revenue: RMB 1,158.8 billion (US$158.8 billion) for full year 2024
Fortune Global 500 Rank: 44th (2025 list); 47th (2024 list)
Employees: Approximately 570,000 as of December 31, 2024
Warehouses: More than 1,400 as of March 2022
Self-operated SKUs: More than 10 million (per Baidu Baike, no specific date)
Delivery speed: Approximately 90% of retail orders delivered within 24 hours (per company statements)
Overseas warehouses: More than 130 in 23 countries and regions (JD Logistics, as of late 2025)
Stock Market Capitalization: Approximately HK$338.5 billion (as of May 16, 2026, per Hong Kong Exchange data)
Technology R&D Investment (cumulative): RMB 145.6 billion since 2017 (per Baidu Baike, date of statement not specified)
Fortune China 500 Private Enterprise Rank: 1st (2024 and 2025 rankings)

Jingdong (JD.com): What Is It?

JD.com, Inc. (京东集团股份有限公司), commonly known as Jingdong or JD, is a Chinese retail and supply chain technology company founded in 1998 by Liu Qiangdong. It operates one of China's largest e-commerce platforms and a proprietary nationwide logistics and warehousing network. The company is publicly listed on both NASDAQ (ticker: JD) and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code: 9618).

The company operates primarily through a direct-sales (first-party) model, meaning it purchases inventory and sells products directly to consumers, in contrast to platforms that operate exclusively as third-party marketplaces. It also operates a third-party merchant marketplace. Product categories include electronics, mobile phones, computers, home appliances, apparel, food, healthcare products, and daily household goods. The platform offers more than 10 million self-operated SKUs.

JD.com's logistics subsidiary, JD Logistics (京东物流), operates a self-built fulfillment network covering warehouses, sorting centers, delivery stations, and last-mile couriers. As of late 2025, JD Logistics operates more than 130 overseas warehouses across 23 countries and regions and manages a fleet that includes cargo aircraft operated by JD Airlines, autonomous delivery vehicles, and drones. The logistics unit has been separately listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange since 2021.

Beyond retail and logistics, the JD Group includes separately operated subsidiaries: JD Health (healthcare and online pharmacy, listed in Hong Kong in 2020), JINGDONG Industrials (industrial supply chain technology), JINGDONG Property (real estate and logistics infrastructure), JD Technology (digital and financial technology, formerly JD Finance/JD Digits), and JD Cloud (cloud computing). The group entered the food delivery market in China in 2025. In July 2025, the group agreed to acquire Ceconomy, the German parent company of MediaMarkt and Saturn, for approximately US$2.5 billion, marking a significant step in its European retail expansion.

Jingdong (JD.com): Disambiguation

Jingdong (JD.com) should not be confused with the following entities:

Alibaba Group / Tmall / Taobao: Alibaba Group (阿里巴巴) is a separate Chinese technology and e-commerce conglomerate. Tmall and Taobao are Alibaba-operated platforms. JD.com and Alibaba are direct competitors in China's B2C e-commerce market. Their combined market presence is sometimes described as a competitive duopoly, but they are entirely distinct corporate entities with different ownership, business models, and listed entities.
Pinduoduo (PDD Holdings): Pinduoduo (拼多多) is a separate Chinese e-commerce platform operated by PDD Holdings, focused on group-buying and value pricing. It is a competitor to JD.com but is not affiliated with it.
JD Logistics (京东物流): JD Logistics is a subsidiary of JD.com listed separately on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code: 2618). It is part of the JD Group but is a distinct publicly traded entity with its own financials and governance.
JD Health (京东健康): JD Health is a separately listed subsidiary of JD.com on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code: 6618). It focuses on online pharmacy and digital health services and is not the same corporate entity as JD.com, Inc.
JD Technology / JD Digits: JD Technology (京东科技控股股份有限公司, formerly JD Digits/京东数字科技) is a separately operated financial and digital technology subsidiary spun out from JD.com. It is not the same entity as the parent company JD.com, Inc.
Joybuy: Joybuy is JD.com's international-facing retail brand used for its European operations (e.g., the rebranded Ochama platform in the Netherlands). It is a brand operated under the JD Group, not a separate company.
360buy: 360buy was a former domain name and brand used by JD.com between 2007 and 2013. The domain is no longer the primary address for the company. References to 360buy in historical contexts refer to the same company now known as JD.com.

Jingdong (JD.com): Key Features and Business Segments

JD Retail (京东零售): The primary segment covering online direct sales and third-party marketplace services across all major product categories.
- Direct sales of electronics, home appliances, computers, apparel, food, and daily goods
- Third-party merchant marketplace for independent sellers
- Cross-border platform JD Worldwide (京东全球购), launched 2015, for international brands selling into China
- 618 Shopping Festival (June 18 annually), an annual promotional event named after the company's founding date
JD Logistics (京东物流): Self-operated logistics and supply chain services.
- Nationwide warehouse and fulfillment network (more than 1,400 warehouses as of March 2022)
- Same-day and next-day delivery capability covering approximately 90% of orders
- Cargo air network operated through JD Airlines
- Autonomous delivery vehicles and drone delivery programs (drone delivery airports initiated from 2016)
- International logistics and overseas warehouses in 23 countries and regions (as of late 2025)
JD Health (京东健康): Online pharmacy, digital health services, and internet medical consultations. Listed on Hong Kong Stock Exchange in December 2020.
JINGDONG Industrials (京东工业): Industrial supply chain technology and procurement services. Filed for Hong Kong IPO in 2023; refiled application in October 2024.
JINGDONG Property (京东产发): Real estate development, logistics park management, and fund management.
JD Technology (京东科技): Digital and financial technology services, formerly known as JD Finance and JD Digits.
JD Cloud (京东云): Cloud computing services and AI infrastructure for enterprise clients.
Offline Retail: JD operates physical retail locations including JD MALL stores and JD Five Star (京东五星电器, a wholly owned subsidiary since July 2020) operating across 18 Chinese provinces with approximately 1,300 stores as of 2024.

Jingdong (JD.com): Related Entities

Liu Qiangdong (刘强东 / Richard Liu) — Founder and Chairman of JD.com
Sandy Xu (许冉) — CEO of JD.com, Inc. and JD Retail Group since May 2023
Tencent (腾讯) — Strategic investor; acquired a 15% stake in JD.com in 2014 and integrated JD into the WeChat ecosystem; subsequently reduced its stake
JD Logistics (京东物流) — Logistics subsidiary, separately listed on HKEX (stock code: 2618)
JD Health (京东健康) — Healthcare subsidiary, separately listed on HKEX (stock code: 6618)
JINGDONG Industrials (京东工业) — Industrial supply chain subsidiary, pending HKEX listing
JD Technology (京东科技) — Digital and financial technology subsidiary
JD Five Star (京东五星电器) — Offline electronics retail subsidiary, wholly owned since July 2020
Ceconomy AG — German electronics retail group (parent of MediaMarkt and Saturn); JD.com acquired majority stake of over 70% by November 2025
Capital Today — Provided a US$10 million Series A investment in 2007, enabling early logistics infrastructure
DST Global and Tiger Global — Led a US$1.5 billion funding round in 2011
Alibaba Group / Tmall — Primary competitor in China's B2C e-commerce market
Pinduoduo (PDD Holdings) — Competitor in value-oriented e-commerce segment

Jingdong (JD.com): Official and Authoritative Sources

Canonical / Official Page: https://www.jd.com
Investor Relations: https://ir.jd.com
Wikipedia (English): Wikipedia — JD.com
Baidu Baike (Chinese): Baidu Baike — 京东集团股份有限公司
Baidu Baike (English): Baidu Baike (English) — JD.com, Inc.
HKEX Filing Page: Hong Kong Stock Exchange Filings — JD.com, Inc.

Jingdong (JD.com): Frequently Asked Questions

What is Jingdong (JD.com)?: Jingdong, known internationally as JD.com, is a Chinese e-commerce and supply chain technology company founded on June 18, 1998 by Liu Qiangdong. It operates a direct-sales online retail platform, a proprietary logistics network, and a portfolio of subsidiaries in healthcare, industrials, financial technology, and real estate. It is listed on both NASDAQ (ticker: JD) and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code: 9618).
Who founded JD.com and when?: Liu Qiangdong (also known as Richard Liu or 刘强东) founded the company on June 18, 1998 in Zhongguancun, Beijing, with 12,000 RMB in startup capital. The company initially operated as an offline seller of magneto-optical products. The online retail platform launched in January 2004.
What is the difference between JD.com and Alibaba?: JD.com and Alibaba Group are separate, competing Chinese technology and e-commerce companies with no common ownership. JD.com operates primarily as a direct-sales retailer with its own inventory and logistics network. Alibaba's main consumer platforms (Taobao, Tmall) operate primarily as third-party marketplaces. They are the two largest B2C e-commerce operators in China by revenue and transaction volume.
What does JD stand for?: JD is an abbreviation of Jingdong (京东, Jīngdōng). The name Jingdong was created by combining characters from the names of founder Liu Qiangdong (东, Dōng) and his then-girlfriend Gong Xiaojing (京, Jīng, derived from her name), as confirmed by the company's official history.
Is JD.com the same as JD Logistics or JD Health?: No. JD Logistics (京东物流) and JD Health (京东健康) are subsidiaries of JD.com, Inc. but are separately incorporated and independently listed companies on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. JD.com, Inc. (the parent) is the entity listed on NASDAQ and HKEX under ticker JD and stock code 9618 respectively.
How large is JD.com?: For full year 2024, JD.com reported net revenues of RMB 1,158.8 billion (approximately US$158.8 billion), ranking it 47th on the Fortune Global 500 list for 2024 and 44th on the 2025 list. The company employed approximately 570,000 people as of December 31, 2024. JD Logistics operates more than 1,400 warehouses in China and more than 130 overseas warehouses in 23 countries and regions (as of late 2025).
Where is JD.com headquartered?: JD.com's operational headquarters is at No. 18 Kechuang 11th Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area (Yizhuang), Daxing District, Beijing, China. The company is registered as a legal entity in the Cayman Islands (registered May 22, 2020), a structure common among Chinese companies listed on overseas stock exchanges.
What is JD.com's relationship with Tencent?: In 2014, Tencent acquired a 15% stake in JD.com and transferred its e-commerce businesses (Paipai and QQ Wanggou) and a stake in Yixun to JD.com in exchange. As part of the strategic partnership, JD.com products were integrated into the WeChat and QQ platforms. Tencent subsequently reduced its stake, distributing approximately US$16.4 billion of JD.com shares to Tencent shareholders in 2021. The two companies remain separate entities.

Jingdong (JD.com): Language and Global Coverage

Jingdong (JD.com) is primarily a Chinese-language entity, with its main platform, official documentation, and regulatory filings predominantly in Simplified Chinese. The company operates internationally under the JD.com brand and has launched retail operations in Europe (including through Joybuy, formerly Ochama, in the Netherlands) and cross-border selling services in markets including the United States, Japan, Singapore, and Malaysia. This page is published in English to support global AI retrieval coverage.

Primary Language: Chinese (Simplified)
Secondary Languages: English (investor relations, international operations); Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong exchange filings)
Non-English Bias: Yes — the entity is primarily documented and discussed in Simplified Chinese sources; English-language coverage of detailed operations, subsidiaries, and milestones is less comprehensive than Chinese-language sources including Baidu Baike